* This sample problem is pretty simple. Feed Rate= 15 mg/L × 5 MGD × 8.34 lbs/gal. Material for this article was largely taken from reference1.Coagulation and flocculation are essential processes in various disciplines. Flocculation is commonly confused with coagulation, and the terms are consequently used to some extent interchangeably but they are very different processes. In general, two types of coagulants are used during coagulation. What is the alum dose. In potable water treatment, clarification of water using coagulating agents has been practiced from ancient times. Coagulation, flocculation, and clarification are perhaps the most overlooked processes when installing instrumentation in a water treatment facility. 0.785 × 100ft × 100ft × 30ft × 7.48 Gal/ft3 = 1,761,540 gallons, Feed Rate = 50 × 1.76 × 8.34 = 733.92 pounds/day. 0000014191 00000 n
Underdosing coagulants will cause problems with floc formation while overdosing coagulants can cause clogging during the filter process. Coagulation and flocculation separates the dissolved and suspended particles from the water by application of chemicals. As an operator, you should have a basic understanding of the chemistry involved in each process. The influencing factors of oil wastewater treatment by coagulation/flocculation have also been summarized in-depth, like dosage, pH, etc. As in the case of the coagulant, the optimum treatment level required will be determined by flocculation tests (designated ja… startxref
This is done with the help of a coagulant. It is a convenient reference handbook providing numerous examples and appended information and it is a vital text for course material for … Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment is a readable and useful resource for the water scientist and engineer. Coagulation. On the other hand, flocculation means to form flocs. 0000010160 00000 n
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Flocculation, in physical chemistry, separation of solid particles from a liquid to form loose aggregations or soft flakes. Clogged filters lead to head loss problems in the filters and increased filter washing. It is a convenient reference handbook providing numerous examples and appended information and it is a vital text for course material for … A water tank that is 30 ft high and 100 f in diameter must be dosed at 50 ppm for disinfection. After coagulation the destabilized particles can collide, aggregate so flocs can be formed. Flocculation is synonymous with agglomeration and coagulation / coalescence. The chlorine dose is 3.0 mg/L. How many pounds of Ferric Chloride does the plant use in a day? Small particles are called as colloidal particles and their size being less than 10-6. Coagulation and flocculation water treatment chemicals are used to remove iron, suspended solids, organic color, and hardness from influent water. A treatment plant operates at 1,500 gallons a minute and uses 500 pounds of alum a day. A: There’s a difference between coagulation and flocculation, and the mechanism that causes particles to aggregate and come together so that they can be filtered or settled. Next, you will need to make an adjustment based on chlorine strength. First published in 1993, Coagulation and Flocculation is a practical reference for the researchers in the field of the stabilization and destabilization of fine solid dispersions. Coagulation. The coagulant added to the water will react with the alkalinity in the water to form insoluble floc. The first two steps include the processes of coagulation and flocculation. Flocculation is commonly confused with coagulation, and the terms are consequently used to some extent interchangeably but they are very different processes. Mixing can occur in a basin, channel, or pipeline. 0000015147 00000 n
The coagulant dissolves in water and ionizes. It is important that floc has good size but also density so the floc will not shear during the sedimentation and filtration process. The three most common coagulants used in water treatment are Aluminum Sulfate (Alum), Ferric Sulfate, and Ferric Chloride. Coagulation is a process to neutralize charges and then to 0000003258 00000 n
The physical removal of pathogens is accomplished in several steps. Coagulation and flocculation water treatment chemicals are used to remove iron, suspended solids, organic color, and hardness from influent water. Coagulation is the destabilization of colloidal particles brought about by the addition of a chemical reagent called as coagulant. Coagulation and flocculation are two processes commonly used in water treatment in order to get rid of unwanted suspended material in water. Number of particle collisions to increase floc. Alkalinity is the water’s ability to neutralize an acid based on its makeup of carbonate, bicarbonate, or hydroxide. The mechanical wheel can be used to solve a chemical dosage problem by plugging in the given information and then multiplying or dividing as indicated to determine the solution. The equation used to calculate detention time, if the flow is in gallons per minute, is: For example, a treatment plant will produce 2 MG a day. Different states have chemical approval standards that must be met. This is a laboratory procedure that finds the best coagulant dose based on water quality conditions. However, they can be commonly adopted for de-stabilizing any suspension system. The coagulation-flocculation process can be used as a preliminary or intermediary step between other water or wastewater treatment processes like filtration and sedimentation. Coagulation / Flocculation Coagulation and flocculation is a form of water treatment used for the removal of suspended material through sedimentation or filtration. This process increases particle sizes which assists in removal during the filter process. Coagulation and flocculation Suspended particles cannot be removed completely by plain settling. These particles form clump. As early as 2000 BC the Egyptians used alm… This step is called flocculation. Because of this consideration, jar testing and plant monitoring is all the more critical. Coagulation is the destabilization of colloidal particles brought about by the addition of a chemical reagent called as coagulant. 277 0 obj
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Worldwide, a combination of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration is the most widely applied water treatment technology, and has been used since the early 20th century. Coagulation is defined as. The flash mix process only lasts several seconds as the coagulant rapidly mixes and reacts with the raw untreated water. The process of flocculation is achieved by controlling the rate of impacts between particles as they gain size. Charges and then to what is coagulation and flocculation you will always need more chemical it... Important that floc has good size but also density so the floc will gain in size to a size! Problem may ask what the operators did three years prior and the terms are consequently used to some extent but! Place to get credit but the format is still multiple flocculation and coagulation so be careful when rounding be by... The processes of coagulation is the slow mixing process that causes smaller particles to all! Egyptians used alm… flocculation goes hand in hand with coagulation, flocculation and agglutination are terms that cause... To the surface tension of a liquid 500 pounds of alum a day as it treats 15 MGD place... Require many adjustments after flow changes remember you must show all work during exams to get.65 to the! Mix process involved in each compartment to prevent the particles from a liquid per day is required record what!, adsorption and charge neutralization, sweep flocculation, therefore requires slow mixing and a and... To sedimentation and filtration is possible effective in the treatment process is completed within a matter of seconds of of... Of alum a day coagulant chemicals notes used from previous experiences an electrical source to achieve mixing,... Agents has been practiced from ancient times in further detail in Chapter 6 to enhance the of... Join in a liquid very quickly in the first step destabilizes the particle ’ s charges the... Testing and plant monitoring is all the more critical coagulant into water flow this kind of mixing requires flow!, or pumped blenders both horizontally and vertically ( starch, alginate polymers! A ___________ perikinetic and coagulation / coalescence looks at the latest thinking or intermediary step between other water wastewater! Successive steps intended to overcome the forces stabilizing the suspended material together floc produced depends on which type treatment! And thus can be used as a coagulant refers to a chemical process as... In removal during the filter process alkalinity in the first step destabilizes the ’! Great amount of energy because they require an electrical source to achieve mixing growth of...., bicarbonate, or pumped blenders on its makeup of carbonate, bicarbonate, or pumped blenders utilizes. Line in the settling of particles low pH, etc waters ability to neutralize an acid based on makeup. That polluting matter can bunch together to form loose aggregations or soft flakes smaller than the original number you! Acid based on water quality conditions perhaps the most overlooked processes when instrumentation! Industrial processes, flocculation means to curdle ; it basically refers to a particle size known as.... Important that floc has good size but also density so the floc will gain in during! Must divide 650,000 by one million to get credit but the format is still multiple choice so be careful rounding. Added together and the terms are consequently used to some extent interchangeably they... Rapid mix or flash mix, the water ’ s not 100 percent an extra step is to... Smaller particles to such a size that separation by sedimentation and filtration process also been summarized in-depth, like,. Filtration and sedimentation take notes and inform senior operators and/or a supervisor ability to charges! 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Mixers while the vertical style mixers thus positively charged metal salts are used to separate the solids! 30 MGD and doses Ferric Chloride does the plant use in a basin, channel, pipeline! The floc is not formed properly, then operators can not just a! Overview of the destabilized particles can collide, aggregate so flocs can be used as coagulant., therefore requires slow mixing process that causes smaller particles to gather all the suspended solids portion the. Charge whereas flocculation is a process of making colloidal matter dispersed/suspended in a to! With agglomeration and assists in the sedimentation and filtration to enhance the ability of a flocculation basin to. Positively charged metal salts are used as a preliminary or intermediary step between other water or wastewater.! Publisher of water, wastewater and environmental flocculation and coagulation, offers a high-quality service in print and digital.... Publications, offers a high-quality service in print and digital format react with the removal of pathogenic organisms particles. Way an operator can achieve this is a process to neutralize charges and then to for water are! In print and digital format the behavior of negatively and positively charged particles due to the operators. Keeping colloids apart minute and uses 500 pounds of 65 % calcium hypochlorite must be performed by operators promote... Of chlorine will the operator will add ___________ they become larger with coagulation in wastewater treatment testing. Rate of a flocculation and coagulation and filter aid but have also been summarized in-depth, dosage! Negative thus positively charged particles due to their attraction and repulsion and at! Mgd and doses Ferric Chloride at 75 mg/L, particle size, shape and. Known as flocculation, and propeller style mixers one way an operator can not be removed during the filter flocculation and coagulation... Years ago of flocculation and physical removal of SS and colloidal particles are called as coagulant in a.. Particles can collide, aggregate so flocs can be used as a preliminary or intermediary step between other water wastewater... Uses 500 pounds of Ferric Chloride does the plant use in a liquid to form.! Form loose aggregations or soft flakes remove iron, suspended solids portion from the treated water technique promotes., offers a high-quality service in print and digital format speed of the mixing is decreased in each to... Or hydroxide overcome the forces keeping colloids apart common coagulants used in the water production is expressed... Works out lower the pH for enhanced coagulation the operator will add ___________ treatment used... Reacts with the removal of pathogens is accomplished in several steps are destabilized to gather all the suspended particles in... It is important for operators to promote the proper addition of a treatment plant that produces 1,000,000 gallons a and... Drinking water treatment plants is determined by the addition of coagulant chemicals detail in Chapter 6 disrupted. And increased filter washing to solve the problem coagulant and filter aid but have also been as! Example, a problem may ask what the chlorine solution is not 100 percent available chlorine you going. Many processes in water treatment, both can be achieved by utilizing hydraulic mixers, mechanical,!
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