The mixture is slowly stirred to induce particles to clump together into “flocs.” Ballasted flocculation is a high-rate, physical-chemical clarification process involving the fixing of flocs, or suspended solids, onto ballast (sand) with the aid of a polymer. Coagulation is a chemical process that involves neutralization of charge whereas flocculation is a physical process and does not involve neutralization of charge. In conventional coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation, a coagulant is added to the source water to create an attraction among the suspended particles. A jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes Fill the jars with raw water sample (500 or 1000 mL) – usually 6 jars Adjust pH of the jars while mixing using H 2 SO 4 or NaOH/lime (pH: 5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5; 7.0; 7.5) Add same dose of the selected coagulant (alum or iron) to each jar These particles form clumps with the help of a coagulant. Water from natural sources and industrial waste are composed of dissolved chemicals and suspended particles. Flocculation and coagulation treatment chemicals are used in effluent wastewater water treatment processes for solids removal, water clarification, lime softening, sludge thickening, and solids dewatering.. Coagulation treatment neutralizes the negative electrical charge on particles, which destabilizes the forces keeping colloids apart. Coagulation clumps contaminants together so they are more easily removed. Large, heavy particles settle out readily, but smaller and lighter particles settle very slowly or in some cases do not settle at all. Particle transportation (Flocculation). Wastewater contains particles of different sizes which can be classified as dissolved (0.08-1um), supra-colloidal (>100-100mm) and settleable (>100um). Coagulation means to curdle; it basically refers to a chemical process in which the destabilization of non-settleable particles takes place. These two terms refer to two different phenomena; however, agglutination makes only a tiny part in the coagulation cascade. Coagulation and flocculation 14.1 Introduction Coagulation and flocculation provide the water treat-ment process by which finely divided suspended and colloidal matter in the water is made to agglomerate and form flocs. A common use of flocculation is the coagulation-flocculation treatment for drinking water and wastewater. The precipitation process can generate very fine particles that are held in suspension by electrostatic surface charges. The efficiency of coagulation or flocculation process depends on five important factors [12]: (1) The rate of transport of coagulant or flocculant molecules to In the Coagulation and Flocculation solids processes,nonsettleable solids are converted into large and heavier settleables solids by physical- chemical changes brought about by adding and mixing coagulant chemicals into the raw water .The settleable solids can then be removed by the sedimentation and filtration processes. What is Flocculation in Water Treatment? Coagulation and flocculation practices are essential pretreatments for many water purification systems.. Flocculation is a process of formation of large stable flocs that either sediment or float. Coagulation purpose is to increase the settling velocity. Thisoccurs when a coagulant is added to water to destabilise colloidal suspensions.The coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment processescan be used as a preliminary or intermediary step between other water … During this phase, the particles to be removed from water are brought to larger agglomerations, called flocs, in order to settle down in the sedimentation chamber and be easily filtered.This happens thanks to the reaction with a polymer solution, which acts as flocculant agent. Coagulation is used to remove charged particles present in the water. The rate of aggregation is in general determined by the frequency of collisions and the probability of cohesion during collision. Difference between Coagulation and Flocculation Key Difference: Coagulation means to curdle; it basically refers to a chemical process in which the destabilization of non-settleable particles takes place. Flocculation is the phase that occurs after flash mixing. Coagulation is a process to neutralize charges and then to form a gelatinous mass to trap (or bridge) particles thus forming a mass large enough to settle or be trapped in the filter. Flocculation is gentle stirring or agitation to encourage the particles thus formed to agglomerate into masses large enough to settle or be filtered from solution. Promote growth of flocs to a size that can be removed by sedimentation and filtration. It is the logical step following coagulation. This enables their removal by sedi-mentation, dissolved air flotation or filtration. Coagulation-Flocculation. That's why it must be treated and disinfected before it can be discharged to the environment. When size of aggregates increases, their settling velocity automatically increases. 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